The Draft Constitution and Human Rights Protection in European Union
周大勇 (Zhou,Dayong)
1 the general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights
2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union
3 the new points in aspect of human rights in the draft constitution
3.1 common values
3.2 incorporation of the Charter of fundamental rights
3.3 other changes could affect the human rights
4 arisen questions
4.1 the protection different from under the Convention
4.2 the two courts system and its application
5 conclusions in a historical view
1 general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights
“Conscious that Europe is a continent that has brought forth civilization; That its inhabitants, arriving in successive waves from earliest times, have gradually developed the values underlying humanism: equality of persons, freedom, respect for reason” Extract from the preamble to the draft Constitution
In past 16 years, the European Union (EU hereafter) has marked itself through a series of changes. From The Single European Act, in which the Union committed itself to create a single market and at the same time establish on its territory the freedom of movement of people, goods, services as well as capital, to Maastricht Treaty, which brought the Union into reality and led to common foreign policy and cooperation in the area of justice and internal affairs as a higher level cooperation among Member States. Then the following Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2001) Treaties, strengthened cooperation in foreign and security policy and placed Justice and Home Affairs matters and established the frame for the Union as a legitimate institution, in which people from different nations integrated in a large region would have common historical direction and splendid future before them. Just before the door of enlargement of the Union, it was argued that the Union has to improve democracy and transparency as well as efficiency, in order to outlines the EU’s purpose and competence clearly and streamline structures so as to prevent paralysis, therefore a new constitution for the Union is determined to replace the EU's series of key treaties in passed over the last 50 years as a single document .
Under leading of former French President and master draftsman Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, the European Convention set about its work of drafting the European Union's first ever full-fledged constitution. With the convention's work completed, the draft must now be finalized by an Intergovernmental Conference of European leaders that is expected to complete deliberations by the end of the 2003. As far as our topic is concerned, noticeably modifications come out in the constitution contract, first of all, the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, which we will discuss later. In the beginning it is meaningful to consider the statues of the draft constitution in the progress course of the Union. The Union desires to bring peace and prosperity, to promote economic and social progress through continuously integrating market and expanding freedom under light of united institution and social systems . These goals, however, are the foundation of development and protection of human rights . That means, if we regard human rights as a series right which realized at first in peaceful and law-ruling society, then the Union has already kept on entrenching to appreciate these goal from beginning on, and now by means of perusing such goal in a larger region through enlargement, the EU’s influence extent to broader area and more people.
The draft constitution then in such context should be viewed as another historical phase in the process. Because the promoting of well-being and fortune of people depend not only on the development of economic situation and adding some single freedom clauses into the governmental documents, but also upon the entire politic system and background in which we live. Without governing based on democratic and effective institutional structure, and especially a ripe legislation and judiciary mechanism, the realization and protection of human rights could only be on the paper. This is also one of the motive caused the Declaration on the future of the European Union which committed the Union to becoming more democratic, more transparent and effective, in order to pave the way for a Constitution in response to the expectations of the people of Europe . In this perspective, one shall recognize the Constitution as a moving forward step of the whole EU institutionalization targeting its goal, so that to discuss the Constitution in connection with the human right protection, it is helpful to review the human rights protection in Europe and, especially in EU.
2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union
The protection of human rights has been internationally come to life in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 (UDHR) with reorganization of disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind and respect for inherent dignity as well as the equal rights of all members of the human. This declaration states explicitly that the rights and freedoms of humans have to be guaranteed without distinction and destruction by any group, state or person. These principles were broadly accepted by European countries, considering the origin of the EU (EC) and the historical separation in Europe after WWII, we denote only the contracting countries of European Community.
For the Member States of EC, the Council of Europe has been up to now the most important instrument, which established in 1949 as a result of the Congress of Europe in The Hague , and took for the basic of the human rights protection. The Council accepted the principles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and integrated it into The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (the Convention hereafter), which and its 12 Protocols turned out to be the significant resource for Human Rights protection in Europe. Because of the existence of the Convention, the other two organizations established in the same age aftermath of the Second World War, i.e. OEEC and the European Communities didn’t include relevant clauses for Human Rights protection into their founding treaties. Since it was agreed at that time, the Council of Europe would focus on the protection of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democratic values, whereas the OECD and the European Communities were to be concerned with the economic restoration of Europe. The reason of separate organizations was based on a view to avoiding economic excuses for future inhumanity. Another reason came from the thought, which believed that the process of economic integration set forth in the Community Treaties could not lead to a violation of human rights. Furthermore, the original Member States in the Treaty of Rome feared, that the inclusion of a "bill of rights" in the Treaty might have brought about an undesirable expansion of Community powers, since it could lead Community institutions to interpret their powers as extending to anything not explicitly prohibited by the enumerated guarantees.
Under the regime of Council of Europe, a lots of achievement of human rights improvement has been reached , yet along with the development and expansion of EU, another mechanism on protection of human rights which does not totally rely on the Council of Europe has derived out on one hand, on the other hand being lack of provisions ruling human rights protection in the Treaty establishing EC did not prevent the EC and the later European Union from providing care for the protection against the violations on human rights. Naturally, how could a swelling supranational organization as EC, which has been continually strengthening its power in all social aspects, does not involve in human rights issues especially when the consciousness of human rights nowadays become more significant both in international and national stages? Regarding to EU, The protection system has been formed in three aspects.
First of all, the legislation in the Member States of EU. Since there were no Member States of EU (EC) which accedes to the Community without being a member of the Council of Europe, and according to the Convention, it impose obligations on the Member States that they should ensure that the internal laws and practices comply with the human rights standards set out in the instruments. Very member states in EU have recognize the principles derived from the Convention and incorporated them somehow into national laws, most importantly, provided constitutive protection as the basic legal resource for human rights protection. For example in Germany, Basic Law (Grundgesetz) Art 1 to 19 deliver explicit provisions even beyond the Convention; the same case as Part VIII (§71-85) in Constitution of Denmark ; in Britain the Act of Human Rights came into force on 2 October 2000 steers extending a ways, in which the Convention can be used before domestic courts. Certainly, according to the classic human rights lessons, the basic protection of human rights could only be afforded at the national level through national legislation and excise of authoritative power.
Secondly, the institutions and legislation at the EU level acts also with high respect to the human rights protection. The EU has showed its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms and has explicitly confirmed the EU's attachment to fundamental social rights ever since its establishment.
The Amsterdam Treaty established procedures intended to secure their protection. It was ascertained, as a general principle, that the European Union should respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, upon which the Union is founded. For the first time a procedure is introduced, according to which severe and continuing violations of Fundamental Rights can lead to suspension of voting and other rights of a member state, if the Union determined the existence of a serious and persistent breach of these principles by that Member State. As to the Candidate countries, they should also respect these principles to join the Union. Furthermore, It has also given the European Court of Justice the power to ensure respect of fundamental rights and freedoms by the European institutions. In accordance with the inner requirement for the implementation of development cooperation operations, in order to reach objective of developing and consolidating democracy, EU also need its rule respecting for human rights. Such cases we have are for instance the EU Council’s regulation on human rights, Council Regulation (EC) No 975/199 and Council Regulation (EC) No 976/1999 for example, are aimed at providing technical and financial aid for operations to promote and protect of civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights etc.
Likewise, at their meeting in Cologne in June 1999, EU leaders declared that in respect to the current stage of progress of the European Union, the fundamental rights applicable at Union level should be pushed forward, namely be consolidated in a Charter and thereby made more evident. They argued, that the legal resources of human rights protection come from not only the European Convention of Human Right, but also from various international conventions drawn up by the Council of Europe as well as the United Nations and the International Labor Organization, they also include EU treaties themselves and from the case law of the European Court of Justice. As a result, a Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter hereinafter) was sketch out, which highlighted the EU’s respect for human rights, for fundamental freedoms and for the principle of democracy through listing more rights a more precise definition of the common values comparing the early documents including the Convention. We will continue to concentrate on the Charter in point 3 since it has been integrated in the draft Constitution as an outstanding achievement.
Finally, the opinion and case-law of European Court of Justice (ECJ hereafter) also have immense impact on the establishment of the instrument of human rights protection within EU.
Although the jurisprudence developed by the ECJ recognizes the Convention as the standard-setter in cases in which the Court has to consider and decide a human rights issue, since there were no relevant legislation existed in the frame of the Community, the ECJ furnish itself power in this aspect by means of case-law. Earlier in 1974, the ECJ first made reference to the ECHR in the Nold judgment, in which the ECJ emphasized its commitment to fundamental human rights based on the constitutional traditions of the Member States’ fundamental rights form an integral part of the general principles of law which the Court enforces. In assuring the protection of such rights, the Court is required to base itself on the constitutional traditions common to the Member States and therefore could not allow measures, which are incompatible with the fundamental rights recognized and guaranteed by the constitutions of such States. The ECJ declared, that the international treaties on the protection of human rights in which the Member States have cooperated or to which they have adhered could also supply indications which may be taken into account within the framework of Community law.
That implied, even without clear regulations in the treaties, the remedy against violation on human rights could also be provided within the framework of the Community in respect for the common traditions applied to the Member States, and in connection with we have mentioned about the Member States’ above, the principles and resource applied to the Member States derived from the Council of Europe. Thus a EU standard could be established by transform a rating comparison of the members’ legal systems to the case-law in ECJ in respect for human rights.
南通市城市房屋拆迁招标投标管理办法
江苏省南通市人民政府
通政发〔2003〕60号
市政府关于印发《南通市城市房屋拆迁招标投标管理办法》的通知
崇川、港闸区人民政府，市开发区管委会，市各委、办、局，市各直属单位：
现将《南通市城市房屋拆迁招标投标管理办法》印发给你们，请认真组织实施。
二○○三年七月二十八日
南通市城市房屋拆迁招标投标管理办法
第一章 总 则
第一条 为加强城市房屋拆迁招标投标管理，促进公平竞争, 维护拆迁当事人的合法权益，保障建设项目顺利实施，根据《中华人民共和国招标投标法》、国务院《城市房屋拆迁管理条例》及其他有关规定，结合本市实际，制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所称城市房屋拆迁招标，是指招标人对需要委托拆迁的城市房屋拆迁项目进行招标，选择拆迁实施单位的活动。
本办法所称城市房屋拆迁投标，是指投标人响应城市房屋拆迁招标，参加投标竞争拆迁实施单位的活动。
第三条 凡在南通市国有土地或者被征用集体土地上实施房屋拆迁，并需对被拆迁人补偿、安置的，其拆迁招标投标管理适用本办法。
第四条 下列城市房屋拆迁项目需要委托拆迁的，应当进行招标：
（一）拆迁房屋面积在1000平方米以上（含1000平方米）的单项工程；
（二）拆迁补偿款总额在200万元以上（含200万元）的单项工程；
（三）其他按规定应当进行招标的项目。
使用国有资金投资或者国家融资的项目，应当进行招标。
第五条 城市房屋拆迁招标投标应当遵循公开、公平、公正和诚实信用的原则。
第六条 市房产管理局是城市房屋拆迁招标投标的行政主管部门，市城市房屋拆迁管理办公室具体负责城市房屋拆迁招标投标的管理工作。
市监察、财政、审计等部门应当按照各自的职责，加强对城市房屋拆迁招标投标活动的全程监督。
第二章 拆 迁 招 标
第七条 招标人进行房屋拆迁招标的，应当符合申领房屋拆迁许可证的条件。
招标人进行房屋拆迁招标前应当向拆迁管理部门提出申请，并提交下列材料：
（一）工程建设项目批准文件；
（二）建设用地规划许可证及附图；
（三）国有土地使用证或者建设用地批准书、征用土地批准文件；
（四）拆迁项目的基本材料（包括规划红线范围内被拆迁的户数、经审核的合法房屋面积及类别、合法土地面积等）；
（五）足额的房屋拆迁补偿安置的资金证明或者可供被拆迁人产权调换选择的房源及价格。
特殊情况下，市政建设及土地储备急办项目拆迁招标的具体条件和相应材料，另行规定。
房屋拆迁管理部门应当在收到前款材料后的5个工作日内进行审查。经审查，认为招标人符合申领房屋拆迁许可证的条件，可以进行拆迁招标的，应当给予书面答复；认为招标人不符合申领房屋拆迁许可证的条件，不能进行拆迁招标的，应当书面说明理由。
第八条 拆迁招标可以采取公开招标或者邀请招标的方式。
招标人采取公开招标方式的，应当在本地媒体上发布招标公告；招标人采取邀请招标方式的，应当向3个以上有拆迁资质、具备招标工程实施能力、资信状况良好的单位发出投标邀请书。招标人应当事先将招标公告或者投标邀请书报送房屋拆迁管理部门。
招标公告、投标邀请书应当载明招标人的名称和地址、拆迁项目的性质、实施地点、拆迁范围、拆迁期限以及获取招标文书的办法等事项。
第九条 招标人可以根据项目本身的要求，在招标公告或者投标邀请书中要求潜在投标人提供有关资质证明文件和业绩情况，并对潜在投标人进行资格审查。
潜在投标人有3个以上拆迁项目未通过竣工验收，或者近1年内有违法乱纪及违规行为的，应当限制其参加拆迁投标。
第十条 招标人应当根据招标项目的特点和需要编制拆迁招标文件。
拆迁招标文件应当载明拆迁工程概况（包括调查摸底汇总数据）、投标单位的资格要求、投标文件的内容要求、投标报价要求、招投标日程安排、评标标准、拆迁期限、旧房拆除、管线迁移、残值处理、验收标准、保证金额、付款方式、奖罚措施、废标条款等实质性要求以及拟签订委托协议的主要条款。
拆迁招标文件不得含有倾向或者排斥潜在投标人的内容。
第十一条 拆迁招标项目需要划分标段、确定工期的，招标人应当根据拆迁工程的规模、环境及位置等情况进行合理划分，并在招标文件中载明。
第十二条 招标人对已发出的招标文件进行补充、修改的，应当按规定以书面形式通知所有招标文件收受人。该补充、修改的内容为招标文件的组成部分。
第十三条 招标人应当根据城市房屋拆迁项目的工期、紧急程度等具体情况，合理设定投标人编制投标文件的时间。
第三章 拆 迁 编 标
第十四条 编制房屋拆迁补偿安置总费用标底，应当以现行城市房屋拆迁政策规定为依据。
前款所称总费用，主要包括被拆迁的区位补偿价、建安成新价、临时安置补助费、搬迁费、提前搬迁奖励费、附属物补偿、拆迁管理费、拆迁代办费和不可预料费等。
第十五条 标底编制人员由招标人在符合条件的专业人员中随机抽取。与招标项目有利害关系、可能影响招标投标公正性的人员，不得参与编制标底。
第十六条 每一工程项目（标段），由3名以上的专业人员分别初步编制标底后，招标人进行加权平均，形成招标标底。
第十七条 招标人应当及时将标底提交公证机关或者行政监督部门密封保存。
所有接触过标底的人员在开标评标前均负有保密责任，不得泄漏标底。
第四章 拆 迁 投 标
第十八条 投标人应当持有省建设厅核发的城市房屋拆迁实施单位资质证书，具备拆迁项目的实施能力。
第十九条 投标人通过招标人的资格审查后，应当将保证金汇入房屋拆迁管理部门设立的专门帐户。
第二十条 投标人应当按拆迁招标文件的要求编制拆迁投标文件。
拆迁投标文件应当载明下列内容：
（一）投标人概况；
（二）拆迁安置总费用概算与报价；
（三）实施拆迁的计划和具体方案；
（四）拟选派的项目负责人与上岗人员情况，拆房队伍及其资质、业绩状况，完成招标项目的保障措施等；
（五）对招标文件的要求和条件作出的响应与承诺。
拆迁投标文件应当加盖单位公章和法定代表人印鉴。
第二十一条 投标人应当在招标文件规定的提交投标文件的截止时间前，将投标文件一式三份密封（封口加盖单位公章和法定代表人印鉴）后送达投标地点。逾期未送达的，作未投标处理。
招标人收到投标文件后，应当签收保存，不得开启。
第二十二条 投标人在招标文件规定的提交投标文件的截止时间前，可以补充、修改或者撤回已提交的投标文件，并书面通知招标人。该补充、修改的内容为投标文件的组成部分。
第二十三条 投标人不得相互串通投标报价，排挤其他投标人的公平竞争，损害拆迁双方当事人的合法权益。
投标人不得以低于成本的报价竞标，也不得以他人名义投标或者以其他方式弄虚作假，骗取中标。
第五章 拆 迁 开 标
第二十四条 开标应当在招标文件规定的提交投标文件截止时间的同一时间公开进行。开标地点应当为招标文件中预先确定的地点。
第二十五条 拆迁开标由招标人主持，除邀请所有投标人参加外，应当根据招标项目的具体情况邀请公证机关和监察、财政、审计等相关部门参加。
开标前，招标人应当宣读评标办法和具体评标规则。
开标时，由投标人推选的代表或者公证机关检查投标文件的密封情况，经确认无误后，由工作人员当众拆封宣读投标文件。开标过程应当有工作人员做好记录，并存档备查。
第六章 拆 迁 评 标
第二十六条 评标应当成立评标委员会。评标委员会由招标人的代表和有关专业人员组成，成员人数为5人以上的单数，其中的专业人员由招标人开标前在评标委员库中随机抽取。
与投标人有利害关系的人，不得参与相关项目的评标；已参与的，应当随时更换。
第二十七条 招标人应当采取必要的措施，保证评标在严格保密的情况下进行。任何单位和个人不得非法干预、影响评标的过程和结果。
第二十八条 评标委员会可以要求投标人对投标文件中含义不明确的内容进行解释或者说明，但该解释或者说明不得超出投标文件的范围或者改变投标文件的实质性内容。
第二十九条 评标委员会成员应当客观、公正地履行职责，遵守职业道德，对所提出的评审意见承担个人责任。
评标委员会成员不得私下接触投标人，不得收受投标人的财物和其他好处。
评标委员会成员和参与评标的工作人员不得透露对投标文件的评审和比较、中标候选人的推荐情况以及与评标有关的其他情况。
第三十条 拆迁评标采取百分制等评标办法。具体评标办法与招标文件同时发布。
第三十一条 在评标中出现2个以上的相同高分值的，由评标委员会成员以无记名投票方式确定中标候选人或者中标人。
第三十二条 中标人确定后，招标人应当向中标人发出中标通知书。自中标通知书发出之日起7日内，招标人和中标人应当按照招投标文件订立书面拆迁委托协议。
第三十三条 招标人与中标人订立拆迁委托协议后，应当按规定向市房屋拆迁管理部门申领房屋拆迁许可证。
第三十四条 中标人应当按照合同约定履行义务，完成中标项目。中标人不得向他人转让中标项目，也不得将中标项目肢解后分别向他人转让。
第七章 罚则及附则
第三十五条 招标人以不合理的条件限制或者排斥潜在投标人的，对潜在投标人实行歧视待遇的，或者限制投标人之间竞争的，责令改正。符合要求后，重新组织招标。
第三十六条 招标人向他人透露影响公平竞争的有关招投标信息或者泄露标底的，给予警告，可以并处1万元以上10万元以下的罚款，其行为影响中标结果的，中标无效。
第三十七条 投标人相互串通投标或者与招标人串通投标的，投标人通过向招标人或者评标委员会成员行贿的手段谋取中标的，中标无效，处中标项目金额5‰以上10‰以下的罚款；有违法所得的，并处没收违法所得；情节严重的，取消其1年至2年内参加拆迁投标的资格，并予以公告。
第三十八条 评标委员会成员收受投标人的财物或者其他好处的，评标委员会的成员或者参加评标的有关工作人员向他人透露对投标文件的评审和比较、中标候选人的推荐以及与评标有关的其他情况的，给予警告，没收收受的财物，可以并处3千元以上5万元以下的罚款，对有所列违法行为的评标委员会成员取消担任评标委员会成员的资格；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
第三十九条 招标人与中标人不按照招标文件和中标人的投标文件订立合同的，或者招标人、中标人订立背离合同实质性内容的协议的，责令改正,可以并处中标项目金额 5‰以上10‰以下的罚款。
第四十条 中标人不履行与招标人订立的合同的，履约保证金不予退还；情节严重的，取消其2年至5年内参加拆迁投标的资格。
因不可抗力不能履行合同的，不适用前款规定。
第四十一条 对招投标活动依法负有行政监督职责的国家机关工作人员徇私舞弊、滥用职权或者玩忽职守，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任；不构成犯罪的，依法给予行政处分，。
第四十二条 投标人和其他利害关系人认为招投标活动不符合本办法规定的，有权向招标人提出异议或者依法向有关行政监督部门投诉。
第四十三条 本办法自2003年8月15日起施行。各县（市）可参照执行。
