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中华人民共和国海上交通事故调查处理条例(附英文)

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中华人民共和国海上交通事故调查处理条例(附英文)

交通部


中华人民共和国海上交通事故调查处理条例(附英文)

1990年1月11日国务院批准

第一章 总则
第一条 为了加强海上交通安全管理,及时调查处理海上交通事故,根据《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》的有关规定,制定本条例。
第二条 中华人民共和国港务监督机构是本条例的实施机关。
第三条 本条例适用于船舶、设施在中华人民共和国沿海水域内发生的海上交通事故。
以渔业为主的渔港水域内发生的海上交通事故和沿海水域内渔业船舶之间、军用船舶之间发生的海上交通事故的调查处理,国家法律、行政法规另有专门规定的,从其规定。
第四条 本条例所称海上交通事故是指船舶、设施发生的下列事故:
(一)碰撞、触碰或浪损;
(二)触礁或搁浅;
(三)火灾或爆炸;
(四)沉没;
(五)在航行中发生影响适航性能的机件或重要属具的损坏或灭失;
(六)其他引起财产损失和人身伤亡的海上交通事故。

第二章 报告
第五条 船舶、设施发生海上交通事故,必须立即用甚高频电话、无线电报或其他有效手段向就近港口的港务监督报告。报告的内容应当包括:船舶或设施的名称、呼号、国籍、起迄港,船舶或设施的所有人或经营人名称,事故发生的时间、地点、海况以及船舶、设施的损害程度、救助要求等。
第六条 船舶、设施发生海上交通事故,除应按第五条规定立即提出扼要报告外,还必须按下列规定向港务监督提交《海上交通事故报告书》和必要的文书资料:
(一)船舶、设施在港区水域内发生海上交通事故,必须在事故发生后二十四小时内向当地港务监督提交。
(二)船舶、设施在港区水域以外的沿海水域发生海上交通事故,船舶必须在到达中华人民共和国的第一个港口后四十八小时内向港务监督提交;设施必须在事故发生后四十八小时内用电报向就近港口的港务监督报告《海上交通事故报告书》要求的内容。
(三)引航员在引领船舶的过程中发生海上交通事故,应当在返港后二十四小时内向当地港务监督提交《海上交通事故报告书》。
前款(一)、(二)项因特殊情况不能按规定时间提交《海上交通事故报告书》的,在征得港务监督同意后可予以适当延迟。
第七条 《海上交通事故报告书》应当如实写明下列情况:
(一)船舶、设施概况和主要性能数据;
(二)船舶、设施所有人或经营人的名称、地址;
(三)事故发生的时间和地点;
(四)事故发生时的气象和海况;
(五)事故发生的详细经过(碰撞事故应附相对运动示意图);
(六)损害情况(附船舶、设施受损部位简图。难以在规定时间内查清的,应于检验后补报);
(七)船舶、设施沉没的,其沉没概位;
(八)与事故有关的其他情况。
第八条 海上交通事故报告必须真实,不得隐瞒或捏造。
第九条 因海上交通事故致使船舶、设施发生损害,船长、设施负责人应申请中国当地或船舶第一到达港地的检验部门进行检验或鉴定,并应将检验报告副本送交港务监督备案。
前款检验、鉴定事项,港务监督可委托有关单位或部门进行,其费用由船舶、设施所有人或经营人承担。
船舶、设施发生火灾、爆炸等事故,船长、设施负责人必须申请公安消防监督机关鉴定,并将鉴定书副本送交港务监督备案。

第三章 调查
第十条 在港区水域内发生的海上交通事故,由港区地的港务监督进行调查。
在港区水域外发生的海上交通事故,由就近港口的港务监督或船舶到达的中华人民共和国的第一个港口的港务监督进行调查。必要时,由中华人民共和国港务监督局指定的港务监督进行调查。
港务监督认为必要时,可以通知有关机关和社会组织参加事故调查。
第十一条 港务监督在接到事故报告后,应及时进行调查。调查应客观、全面,不受事故当事人提供材料的限制。根据调查工作的需要,港务监督有权:
(一)询问有关人员;
(二)要求被调查人员提供书面材料和证明;
(三)要求有关当事人提供航海日志、轮机日志、车钟记录、报务日志、航向记录、海图、船舶资料、航行设备仪器的性能以及其他必要的原始文书资料;
(四)检查船舶、设施及有关设备的证书、人员证书和核实事故发生前船舶的适航状态、设施的技术状态;
(五)检查船舶、设施及其货物的损害情况和人员伤亡情况;
(六)勘查事故现场,搜集有关物证。
港务监督在调查中,可以使用录音、照相、录相等设备,并可采取法律允许的其他调查手段。
第十二条 被调查人必须接受调查,如实陈述事故的有关情节,并提供真实的文书资料。
港务监督人员在执行调查任务时,应当向被调查人员出示证件。
第十三条 港务监督因调查海上交通事故的需要,可以令当事船舶驶抵指定地点接受调查。当事船舶在不危及自身安全的情况下,未经港务监督同意,不得离开指定地点。
第十四条 港务监督的海上交通事故调查材料,公安机关、国家安全机关、监察机关、检察机关、审判机关和海事仲裁委员会及法律规定的其他机关和人员因办案需要可以查阅、摘录或复制,审判机关确因开庭需要可以借用。

第四章 处理
第十五条 港务监督应当根据对海上交通事故的调查,作出《海上交通事故调查报告书》,查明事故发生的原因,判明当事人的责任;构成重大事故的,通报当地检察机关。
第十六条 《海上交通事故调查报告书》应包括以下内容:
(一)船舶、设施的概况和主要数据;
(二)船舶、设施所有人或经营人的名称和地址;
(三)事故发生的时间、地点、过程、气象海况、损害情况等;
(四)事故发生的原因及依据;
(五)当事人各方的责任及依据;
(六)其他有关情况。
第十七条 对海上交通事故的发生负有责任的人员,港务监督可以根据其责任的性质和程度依法给予下列处罚:
(一)对中国籍船员、引航员或设施上的工作人员,可以给予警告、罚款或扣留、吊销职务证书;
(二)对外国籍船员或设施上的工作人员,可以给予警告、罚款或将其过失通报其所属国家的主管机关。
第十八条 对海上交通事故的发生负有责任的人员及船舶、设施的所有人或经营人,需要追究其行政责任的,由港务监督提交其主管机关或行政监察机关处理;构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第十九条 根据海上交通事故发生的原因,港务监督可责令有关船舶、设施的所有人、经营人限期加强对所属船舶、设施的安全管理。对拒不加强安全管理或在期限内达不到安全要求的,港务监督有权责令其停航、改航、停止作业,并可采取其他必要的强制性处置措施。

第五章 调解
第二十条 对船舶、设施发生海上交通事故引进的民事侵权赔偿纠纷,当事人可以申请港务监督调解。
调解必须遵循自愿、公平的原则,不得强迫。
第二十一条 前条民事纠纷,凡已向海事法院起诉或申请海事仲裁机构仲裁的,当事人不得再申请港务监督调解。
第二十二条 调解由当事人各方在事故发生之日起三十日内向负责该事故调查的港务监督提交书面申请。港务监督要求提供担保的,当事人应附经济赔偿担保证明文件。
第二十三条 经调解达成协议的,港务监督应制作调解书。调解书应当写明当事人的姓名或名称、住所、法定代表人或代理人的姓名及职务、纠纷的主要事实、当事人的责任、协议的内容、调解费的承担、调解协议履行的期限。调解书由当事人各方共同签字,并经港务监督盖印确认。
调解书应交当事方各持一份,港务监督留存一份。
第二十四条 调解达成协议的,当事人各方应当自动履行。达成协议后当事人翻悔的或逾期不履行协议的,视为调解不成。
第二十五条 凡向港务监督申请调解的民事纠纷,当事人中途不愿调解的,应当向港务监督递交撤销调解的书面申请,并通知对方当事人。
第二十六条 港务监督自收到调解申请书之日起三个月内未能使当事人各方达成调解协议的,可以宣布调解不成。
第二十七条 不愿意调解或调解不成的,当事人可以向海事法院起诉或申请海事仲裁机构仲裁。
第二十八条 凡申请港务监督调解的,应向港务监督缴纳调解费。调解的收费标准,由交通部会同国家物价局、财政部制定。
经调解达成协议的,调解费用按当事人过失比例或约定的数额分摊;调解不成的,由当事人各方平均分摊。

第六章 罚则
第二十九条 违反本条例规定,有下列行为之一的,港务监督可视情节对有关当事人(自然人)处以警告或者二百元以下罚款;对船舶所有人、经营人处以警告或者五千元以下罚款:
(一)未按规定的时间向港务监督报告事故或提交《海上交通事故报告书》或本条例第三十二条要求的判决书、裁决书、调解书的副本的;
(二)未按港务监督要求驶往指定地点,或在未出现危及船舶安全的情况下未经港务监督同意擅自驶离指定地点的;
(三)事故报告或《海上交通事故报告书》的内容不符合规定要求或不真实,影响调查工作进行或给有关部门造成损失的;
(四)违反第九条规定,影响事故调查的;
(五)拒绝接受调查或无理阻挠、干扰港务监督进行调查的;
(六)在受调查时故意隐瞒事实或提供虚假证明的。
前款第(五)、(六)项行为构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第三十条 对违反本条例规定,玩忽职守、滥用职权、营私舞弊、索贿受贿的港务监督人员,由行政监察机关或其所在单位给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,由司法机关依法追究刑事责任。
第三十一条 当事人对港务监督依据本条例给予的处罚不服的,可以依法向人民法院提起行政诉讼。

第七章 特别规定
第三十二条 中国籍船舶在中华人民共和国沿海水域以外发生的海上交通事故,其所有人或经营人应当向船籍港的港务监督报告,并于事故发生之日起六十日内提交《海上交通事故报告书》。如果事故在国外诉讼、仲裁或调解,船舶所有人或经营人应在诉讼、仲裁或调解结束后六十日内将判决书、裁决书或调解书的副本或影印件报船籍港的港务监督备案。
第三十三条 派往外国籍船舶任职的持有中华人民共和国船员职务证书的中国籍船员对海上交通事故的发生负有责任的,其派出单位应当在事故发生之日起六十日内向签发该职务证书的港务监督提交《海上交通事故报告书》。
本条第一款和第三十二条的海上交通事故的调查处理,按本条例的有关规定办理。

第八章 附则
第三十四条 对违反海上交通安全管理法规进行违章操作,虽未造成直接的交通事故,但构成重大潜在事故隐患的,港务监督可以依据本条例进行调查和处罚。
第三十五条 因海上交通事故产生的海洋环境污染,按照我国海洋环境保护的有关法律、法规处理。
第三十六条 本条例由交通部负责解释。
第三十七条 本条例自发布之日起施行。

REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE INVESTIGATIONAND HANDLING OF MARITIME TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON THE INVESTIGATION
AND HANDLING OF MARITIME TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
(Approved by the State Council on January 11, 1990, promulgated by
Decree No. 14 of the Ministry of Communications on March 3, 1990)

Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
These Regulations are formulated according to the relevant provisions of
the Maritime Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China in order
to strengthen the control of maritime traffic safety and promptly
investigate and handle maritime traffic accidents.
Article 2
The harbour superintendency establishments of the People's Republic of
China shall be responsible for implementing these Regulations.
Article 3
These Regulations shall apply to the maritime traffic accidents happening
to the vessels and installations in the coastal waters of the People's
Republic of China. If there exist special provisions in state laws and
administrative regulations for the investigation and handling of the
maritime traffic accidents happening in the fishing port waters or of the
maritime traffic accidents happening between fishing vessels or between
military vessels in the coastal waters, these special provisions shall
prevail.
Article 4
The maritime traffic accidents referred to in these Regulations mean the
following accidents happening to vessels and installations:
(1) collision, strike or damage by waves;
(2) hitting hidden rocks or running aground;
(3) fire or explosion;
(4) sinking;
(5) damage or loss of machinery parts or important tools during a voyage
which affects the vessel's seaworthiness;
(6) other maritime traffic accidents which cause losses in property and
human lives.

Chapter II Report
Article 5
The persons in charge of the vessels and installations which are involved
in maritime traffic accidents must report immediately to the harbour
superintendency administration at the nearest harbour by a high-frequency
telephone, radiotelegram or other effective means. The content of the
reports shall include: name of the vessel or installation, call sign,
nationality, port of departure and port of arrival, owners or managers of
the vessel or installation, when and where the accident happened and the
attending circumstances on the sea, the extent of damage of the vessel or
installation, request for salvage, etc.
Article 6
The persons in charge of the vessels and installations which are involved
in maritime traffic accidents must, in addition to making brief reports
immediately in accordance with the provisions in Article 5, submit the
Report Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents and other necessary documents
and materials according to the following stipulations to the harbour
superintendency administration:
(1) If maritime traffic accidents happen to vessels or installations
within the waters of the harbour areas, it is necessary to submit a report
and other materials to the local harbour superintendency administration
within 24 hours after the accidents.
(2) If maritime traffic accidents happen to vessels or installations in
the coastal waters beyond the waters of harbour areas, it is necessary to
submit a report and other materials within 48 hours after the vessels
arrive at the first harbour in the People's Republic of China to the
harbour superintendency administration;
in the case of installations, it is necessary to report by telegram, the
content of which shall cover all the items required in the Report
Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents to the harbour superintendent at the
nearest harbour within 48 hours after the accidents.
(3) If a maritime traffic accident happens in the course of pilotage, the
pilot shall submit the Report Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents to the
local harbour superintendency administration within 24 hours after his
return to the harbour. If, because of special circumstances, the Report
Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents cannot be submitted within the time
limit set in paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article, the time limit may be
appropriately extended after permission is obtained from the harbour
superintendency administration.
Article 7
The following information shall be truthfully provided in the Report
Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents:
(1) basic conditions of the vessel or installation and the data concerning
its main functions;
(2) name and address of the owner or manager of the vessel or
installation;
(3) when and where the accident happened;
(4) the climatic conditions and the conditions on the sea when the
accident happened;
(5) a detailed description of the course of the accident (for a collision,
a sketch map illustrating the face-to-face movements shall be attached);
(6) degree of the damage (A sketch showing the damaged parts of the vessel
or installation shall be attached. If it is difficult to make a thorough
investigation within the set time limit, a report shall be submitted at a
later date after the examination.)
(7) estimated location of sinking in case where the vessel or installation
sank;
(8) other information related to the accident.
Article 8
A report concerning maritime traffic accidents must be truthful and there
must not be any concealment or falsification.
Article 9
If a vessel or an installation is damaged due to a maritime traffic
accident, the captain of the vessel or the person in charge of the
installation shall apply to China's local inspection department or the
inspection department at the vessel's first port of arrival in China for
inspection or appraisement and send a copy of the inspection report to the
harbour superintendency administration for the record.
The harbour superintendency administration may entrust the inspection and
appraisement mentioned in the preceding paragraph to relevant units or
departments and the expenses shall be borne by the owner or manager of the
vessel or installation. If the accident happening to a vessel or
installation involved fire or explosion, the captain or the person in
charge of the installation must apply to a fire fighting brigade in the
public security organ for an appraisement and send a copy of the
appraisement report to the harbour superintendency administration for the
record.

Chapter III Investigation
Article 10
Harbour superintendency administration shall be responsible for the
investigation of the maritime traffic accidents which happen in the waters
of their respective harbour areas. The maritime traffic accidents which
happen outside the waters of harbour areas shall be investigated by the
harbour superintendency administration of the nearest harbour or that of
the vessel's first port of arrival in the People's Republic of China. The
Harbour Superintendency Administration Bureau of the People's Republic of
China may designate a harbour superintendency administration to carry out
the investigation, if the Bureau deems it necessary.
When the harbour superintendency administration concerned deems it
necessary, he may request relevant departments and social organizations to
take part in the investigation of the accidents.
Article 11
Upon receiving accident reports, the harbour superintendency
administration shall promptly carry out investigation. Investigation shall
be carried out in an objective and all-round manner and must not be
restricted by the information provided by the parties involved in the
accidents. If the investigation warrants it, the harbour superintendency
administration has the right to:
(1) question the persons concerned;
(2) demand written material and testimonial form the persons under
investigation;
(3) demand the parties involved to provide logbooks, engine room logs,
wheel-bell records, radio operation logs, course records, charts, data of
the vessel, functions of the navigation equipment and instruments and
other necessary original papers and materials;
(4) examine certificates of the vessels, installations and the relevant
equipment and certificates of the personnel and verify seaworthiness of
the vessels and technical conditions of the installations before the
accident;
(5) examine the damage to the vessels, installations and goods and
ascertain casualties of personnel;
(6) survey the scene of the accident and collect relevant material
evidence. During the investigation, the harbour superintendency
administration may use recording, photographing and video equipment and
may resort to other means of investigation permitted by law.
Article 12
The persons being investigated must subject themselves to the
investigation, honestly state the relevant circumstances of the accident
and provide authentic papers and materials.
In conducting investigations, the personnel of harbour superintendency
administration shall produce their certificates to the persons being
investigated.
Article 13
If the investigation of a maritime traffic accident so requires, the
harbour superintendency administration may order the vessel(s) involved to
sail to the spot for investigation. Except when its (their) own safety is
in danger, the vessel(s) involved must not leave the said spot without the
permission of the harbour superintendency administration.
Article 14
The organs respectively in charge of public security, state security,
supervision, procuratorial work, and judicial work, as well as maritime
arbitration committees and other organs and personnel designated under the
law may consult, make extracts of or duplicate the findings concerning
maritime traffic accidents prepared by the harbour superintendency
administration for the purpose of handling cases. Judicial organs may
borrow these findings if they are really needed in the trials.

Chapter IV Handling of Accidents
Article 15
The harbour superintendency administrations shall, according to the
investigations of maritime traffic accidents, work out the Report on
Findings Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents, in which causes of the
accidents shall be ascertained and the responsibility of the persons
concerned be determined. A serious accident shall be reported to the local
procuratorial organ.
Article 16
The Report on Findings Concerning the Maritime Traffic Accident shall
include the following items:
(1) basic conditions of the vessels or installations and the main data;
(2) names and addresses of the owners or managers of the vessels or
installations;
(3) when and where the accident happened, the course of the accident,
weather and sea conditions at the time, seriousness of the damage;
(4) causes of the accident and evidence thereof;
(5) liabilities of the parties involved and evidence thereof;
(6) other relevant information.
Article 17
The harbour superintendency administrations may, according to the nature
and seriousness of their liabilities, mete out the following penalties
according to law to the persons who are held responsible for the maritime
traffic accidents:
(1) warnings, fines, suspension or revocation of their job certificates
may be resorted to when the crew, pilots or personnel working on the
installations are of Chinese nationality;
(2) warnings and fines may be imposed on the crew or the personnel working
on the installations who are of foreign nationalities or their faults may
be reported to the competent organs of their respective countries.
Article 18
If it is necessary to pursue the administrative responsibility of the
persons involved, owners or managers of the vessels or installations who
are held responsible for the maritime traffic accidents, the harbour
superintendency administrations shall submit the cases to their competent
organs or the organs in charge of administrative supervision. With
respect to persons whose action constitutes a crime, the judicial
authorities shall, in accordance with the law, investigate their criminal
responsibility.
Article 19
The harbour superintendency administration may, in the light of the causes
of the maritime traffic accidents, order the owners and managers of the
vessels involved or installations involved to strengthen safety control
over their vessels or installations within a time limit. In case of
refusal to strengthen safety administration or failure to meet the safety
requirements within the said time limit, the harbour superintendency has
the right to order the vessels or installations to suspend navigation,
change courses or suspend operation and may adopt other necessary
compulsory measures.

Chapter V Mediation
Article 20
If a maritime traffic accident happening to vessels or installations gives
rise to a civil dispute over tort liability, the parties may apply to the
harbour superintendency administration for mediation.
Mediations must be carried out on the principles of voluntariness and
impartiality and no coercion shall be allowed.
Article 21
If a suit has been brought before a maritime court or an application sent
to a maritime arbitration organ, the parties to the civil disputes
mentioned in the preceding article shall not apply to the harbour
superintendency administration for mediation.
Article 22
Written applications for mediations shall be submitted, by the parties
within 30 days after the accident happened, to the harbour superintendency
administration responsible for the investigation of the accident. If
guarantees are demanded by the harbour superintendency administration the
parties shall provide papers of economic compensation guarantee.
Article 23
If an agreement is reached after mediation, the harbour superintendency
administration shall prepare a mediation document. The mediation document
shall include the following items: names and addresses of the parties,
names and positions of the legal representatives, main points of the
disputes, liabilities of the parties, content of the agreement, payment of
the mediation fees and the time limit for the execution of the mediation
agreement. The parties concerned shall jointly sign the mediation document
and the superintendency administration shall confirm it by affixing its
seal thereon. One copy of the mediation document shall be held by each
party concerned and one copy kept by the harbour superintendency
administration.
Article 24
All the parties concerned shall execute the agreement of mediation of
their own accord. If the parties renege or fail to execute the agreements
within the time limit after the agreement is reached, the mediation shall
be regarded as failing.
Article 25
If a party to a civil dispute who has applied to the harbour
superintendency administration for mediation wants to withdraw from it,
the party shall send a written application to the harbour superintendency
administration for mediation cancellation and notify the other party to
the dispute at the same time.
Article 26
If the harbour superintendency administration fails to make the parties
reach an agreement of mediation within 3 months as of the date of receipt
of the application for mediation, the mediation may be announced as
failing.
Article 27
If the parties do not want mediation or the mediation has failed, they may
bring a suit in a maritime court or apply to a maritime arbitration organ
for arbitration.
Article 28
Anyone who has applied to the harbour superintendency administration for
mediation shall pay mediation fees. Standards for mediation charges shall
be worked out by the Ministry of Communications in conjunction with the
State Administration for Commodity Prices and the Ministry of Finance.
If an agreement is reached through mediation, the mediation charge shall
be shared according to the seriousness of the parties' faults or the
agreed proportions. If mediation has failed, the expenses shall be shared
out equally among the parties.

Chapter VI Penalties
Article 29
The harbour superintendency administration may, depending on the
circumstances, warn or impose a fine of not more than 200 yuan on the
persons concerned (natural person), or impose a warning or a fine of not
more than 5,000 yuan on the owners or managers of the vessels, if they
violate these Regulations in one of the following manners:
(1) failing to report the accident to the harbour superintendency
administration or submit the Report Concerning Maritime Traffic Accident
or duplicate copies of the documents of court verdict, arbitration award
or mediation document as stipulated in Article 32 of these Regulations
within the time limit;
(2) failing to sail to the spot designated by the harbour superintendency
administration or leaving the designated spot without the permission of
the harbour superintendency administration when nothing is endangering the
vessel(s);
(3) affecting the progress of the investigations or causing losses to the
departments concerned because the content of the accident report or the
Report Concerning Maritime Traffic Accident does not meet the stipulated
requirements or it is not truthful;
(4) affecting the investigation of the accident by violating the
provisions of Article 9;
(5) refusing to be investigated or unjustifiably obstructing and
interfering with the investigation by the harbour superintendency
administration;
(6) intentionally concealing facts or providing false testimonial during
investigation. With respect to persons whose acts have constituted a
crime as specified in paragraphs (5) and (6) of this Article, the judicial
organs shall investigate their criminal responsibility according to law.
Article 30
Administrative sanctions shall be given by administrative supervision
organs or relevant units to those persons working in harbour
superintendency administrations who violate the provisions of these
Regulation, neglect their duties, abuse their powers, engage in
malpractices for selfish ends and ask for and accept bribes. If their acts
constitute crimes, their criminal responsibilities shall be investigated
by judicial organs according to law.
Article 31
If the parties concerned do not agree with the penalties imposed on them
by the harbour superintendency administration according to the provisions
of these Regulations, they may bring a suit in a people's court according
to law.

Chapter VII Special Provisions
Article 32
If maritime traffic accidents happen to vessels of Chinese nationality
outside the coastal waters of the People's Republic of China, their owners
or managers shall report to the harbour superintendency administration
where the vessels have registered and shall submit the Report Concerning
Maritime Traffic Accident within 60 days after the accidents happened. If
lawsuits, arbitrations or mediations concerning the accidents take place
abroad, the owners or managers shall submit copies or photocopies of the
court verdicts, awards or mediation documents to the harbour
superintendency of the harbour where the vessels have registered for the
record within 60 days after the termination of the lawsuits, arbitration
or mediation.
Article 33
If crew members of Chinese nationality holding job qualification
certificates of the People's Republic of China are held responsible for
maritime traffic accidents while they are working on board foreign
vessels, their respective units in China shall submit the Report
Concerning Maritime Traffic Accidents to the harbour superintendency
administration issuing the job qualification certificates within 60 days
after the accidents happened.
The maritime traffic accidents mentioned in the first paragraph of this
Article and in Article 32 shall be investigated and dealt with in
accordance with the relevant provisions of these Regulations.

Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions
Article 34
With respect to those operations which have violated the regulations
concerning maritime traffic safety and have constituted latent threats of
potential major accidents, although direct traffic accidents have not been
caused, the harbour superintendency administration may carry out
investigation and mete out penalties according to the provisions of these
Regulations.
Article 35
The maritime traffic accidents which have caused marine environmental
pollution shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant laws and
regulations of China concerning marine environmental protection.
Article 36
These Regulations shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Communications.
Article 37
These Regulations shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.


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  华侨大学吴情树博士在《检察日报》9月17日第3版发表《法律人的职业尊荣感在哪里》一文,笔者赞同吴博士文中的观点,同时也想提出一个近乎另类的命题———法学家的“尊荣”就是法学的悲哀,以期进一步讨论与法律人的尊荣有关的话题。当然,这里的“尊荣”,主要是指由国家公权外加于法学家的某种定于一尊的世俗尊荣,或曰至高无上的权威地位。

  笔者主要是从法律史的角度概括出这个命题的。首先看罗马法的情况。公元426年,东西罗马帝国皇帝共同颁布《学说引证法》,规定只有乌尔比安等五大法学家对法律问题的解答和著述具有法律效力,遇有成文法未规定的问题,均按五位法学家的著述解决。《学说引证法》使五大法学家的学说成为整个帝国的法律渊源,可见罗马皇帝对五大法学家的确是礼遇备至,五大法学家也的确是极尽尊荣。但实质上《学说引证法》却是加强了皇权,限制了罗马法学家的活动。以前罗马法学家的权威来自公正的解答和科学的著述,现在却必须由皇帝予以确认;以前法学家观点不同可根据实际情况确定,现在则由皇帝预先排定座次;以前法学家可以用自己的学说指导司法实践,现在却只有五个人可以。此后,对罗马法形成和发展作用巨大的法学家的著述和解答偃旗息鼓,法学家们转而进行整理汇编皇帝敕令的工作,罗马法的发展也进入了低谷。

  再看伊斯兰法的情况。伊斯兰法早期发展过程中,沙斐仪等四大教法学家和学派的学说,解决了伴随阿拉伯帝国扩张带来的怎样处理异族法律与伊斯兰法的冲突与融合和如何继续保持伊斯兰法在国家和社会中的主导地位这两大难题,极大地推动了法律对于变动中的阿拉伯国家社会生活的适应和促进。但随着阿巴斯王朝的逐渐衰落,正统的逊尼派认为伊斯兰法已经达到完备程度,所有疑惑已然获得妥善解决,后人只需尊奉四大教法学家所阐释的理论和规则,一切法律问题就能迎刃而解。于是宣布关闭“伊智提哈德”之门,确立四大法学家至高无上的权威地位。此后,教法学家的活动就被限制在对前人学说的因袭和注疏范围之内而不得有所僭越和违逆,伊斯兰法学和伊斯兰法昔日的繁荣就此终结。

  再看前苏联的情况。苏联法制史上有一位法学家,拥有类似古罗马五大法学家的理论地位,这就是维辛斯基。维辛斯基历任苏联检察长、苏联人民委员会副主席、苏联外交部长等职。他的理论曾被誉为马克思列宁主义的国家和法的学说同社会主义建设实践的创造性的结合,适应了苏联,特别是斯大林时代高度集权、高度统一的政治需要,被奉为至尊的官方正统学说,并且被推广到学校、教材乃至每个法律人的思想中。与维辛斯基的理论权威相伴的是苏联法学的集体沉沦。

  再看看中国古代的情况。法学和法学家在中国古代表现为律学和律学家。以章句形式注释法律的传统律学在汉代开始发达,其代表人物有叔孙宣、郑玄、马融等,甚至还形成了法吏世家注释法律的情形。曹魏时期,因为多家法律章句同时影响司法,条目繁多,适用不一,于是魏明帝下诏确认仅郑玄一家的章句具有法律效力,其他章句不得援引。但是郑玄的独领风骚,也意味着其他学派大规模的、成建制的、创造性的法律儒家化(也是法律体系化、逻辑化的某种尝试)的活动失去意义。于是,以“法律章句”为代表的律学家的创造性贡献被以《唐律疏议》为代表的大一统的法典所代替,中国古代法学走向了成熟和定型,同时也在某种程度上可以说是走向了僵化与凝固。

  一个法学家的最大理想,可能就是自己的研究成果、思想体系、学术观点能得到最广泛的认可,这本无可厚非。但当他的思想被国家政权以强制半强制的形式确立成为某种“主流观点”,获得某种“主导地位”,从此不得突破、不得质疑、不得旁顾的时候,作为法学家个人的确获得了莫大的尊荣,但对于法学研究和法学发展来说,这却是一种莫大的悲哀。

  (作者为浙江大学光华法学院博士)

淮河流域水污染防治暂行条例

国务院


淮河流域水污染防治暂行条例
(1995年8月8日中华人民共和国国务院令第183号公布 自1995年8月8日起施行)

第一条 为了加强淮河流域水污染防治,保护和改善水质,保障人体健康和人民生活、生产用水,制定本条例。
第二条 本条例适用于淮河流域的河流、湖泊、水库、渠道等地表水体的污染防治。
第三条 淮河流域水污染防治的目标:1997年实现全流域工业污染源达标排放;2000年淮河流域各主要河段、湖泊、水库的水质达到淮河流域水污染防治规划的要求,实现淮河水体变清。
第四条 淮河流域水资源保护领导小组(以下简称领导小组),负责协调、解决有关淮河流域水资源保护和水污染防治的重大问题,监督、检查淮河流域水污染防治工作,并行使国务院授予的其他职权。
领导小组办公室设在淮河流域水资源保护局。
第五条 河南、安徽、江苏、山东四省(以下简称四省)人民政府各对本省淮河流域水环境质量负责,必须采取措施确保本省淮河流域水污染防治目标的实现。
四省人民政府应当将淮河流域水污染治理任务分解到有关市(地)、县,签订目标责任书,限期完成,并将该项工作作为考核有关干部政绩的重要内容。
第六条 淮河流域县级以上地方人民政府,应当定期向本级人民代表大会常务委员会报告本行政区域内淮河流域水污染防治工作进展情况。
第七条 国家对淮河流域水污染防治实行优惠、扶持政策。
第八条 四省人民政府应当妥善做好淮河流域关、停企业的职工安置工作。
第九条 国家对淮河流域实行水污染物排放总量(以下简称排污总量)控制制度。
第十条 国务院环境保护行政主管部门会同国务院计划部门、水行政主管部门商四省人民政府,根据淮河流域水污染防治目标,拟订淮河流域水污染防治规划和排污总量控制计划,经由领导小组报国务院批准后执行。
第十一条 淮河流域县级以上地方人民政府,根据上级人民政府制定的淮河流域水污染防治规划和排污总量控制计划,组织制定本行政区域内淮河流域水污染防治规划和排污总量控制计划,并纳入本行政区域的国民经济和社会发展中长期规划和年度计划。
第十二条 淮河流域排污总量控制计划,应当包括确定的排污总量控制区域、排污总量、排污削减量和削减时限要求,以及应当实行重点排污控制的区域和重点排污控制区域外的重点排污单位名单等内容。
第十三条 向淮河流域水体排污的企业事业单位和个体工商户(以下简称排污单位),凡纳入排污总量控制的,由环境保护行政主管部门商同级有关行业主管部门,根据排污总量控制计划、建设项目环境影响报告书和排污申报量,确定其排污总量控制指标。
排污单位的排污总量控制指标的削减量以及削减时限要求,由下达指标的环境保护行政主管部门根据本级人民政府的规定,商同级有关行业主管部门核定。
超过排污总量控制指标排污的,由有关县级以上地方人民政府责令限期治理。
第十四条 在淮河流域排污总量控制计划确定的重点排污控制区域内的排污单位和重点排污控制区域外的重点排污单位,必须按照国家有关规定申请领取排污许可证,并在排污口安装污水排放计量器具。
第十五条 国务院环境保护行政主管部门商国务院水行政主管部门,根据淮河流域排污总量控制计划以及四省的经济技术条件,制定淮河流域省界水质标准,报国务院批准后施行。
第十六条 淮河流域水资源保护局负责监测四省省界水质,并将监测结果及时报领导小组。
第十七条 淮河流域重点排污单位超标排放水污染物的,责令限期治理。
市、县或者市、县以下人民政府管辖的企业事业单位的限期治理,由有关市、县人民政府决定。中央或者省级人民政府管辖的企业事业单位的限期治理,由省级人民政府决定。
限期治理的重点排污单位名单,由国务院环境保护行政主管部门商四省人民政府拟订,经领导小组审核同意后公布。
第十八条 自1998年1月1日起,禁止一切工业企业向淮河流域水体超标排放水污染物。
第十九条 淮河流域排污单位必须采取措施按期完成污染治理任务,保证水污染物的排放符合国家制定的和地方制定的排放标准;持有排污许可证的单位应当保证其排污总量不超过排污许可证规定的排污总量控制指标。
未按期完成污染治理任务的排污单位,应当集中资金尽快完成治理任务;完成治理任务前,不得建设扩大生产规模的项目。
第二十条 淮河流域县级以上地方人民政府环境保护行政主管部门征收的排污费,必须按照国家有关规定,全部用于污染治理,不得挪作他用。
审计部门应当对排污费的使用情况依法进行审计,并由四省人民政府审计部门将审计结果报领导小组。
第二十一条 在淮河流域河流、湖泊、水库、渠道等管理范围内设置或者扩大排污口的,必须依法报经水行政主管部门同意。
第二十二条 禁止在淮河流域新建化学制浆造纸企业。
禁止在淮河流域新建制革、化工、印染、电镀、酿造等污染严重的小型企业。
严格限制在淮河流域新建前款所列大中型项目或者其他污染严重的项目;建设该类项目的,必须事先征得有关省人民政府环境保护行政主管部门的同意,并报国务院环境保护行政主管部门备案。
禁止和严格限制的产业、产品名录,由国务院环境保护行政主管部门商国务院有关行业主管部门拟订,经领导小组审核同意,报国务院批准后公布施行。
第二十三条 淮河流域县级以上地方人民政府环境保护行政主管部门审批向水体排放污染物的建设项目的环境影响报告书时,不得突破本行政区域排污总量控制指标。
第二十四条 淮河流域县级以上地方人民政府应当按照淮河流域水污染防治规划的要求,建设城镇污水集中处理设施。
第二十五条 淮河流域水闸应当在保证防汛、抗旱的前提下,兼顾上游下游水质,制定防污调控方案,避免闸控河道蓄积的污水集中下泄。
领导小组确定的重要水闸,由淮河水利委员会会同有关省人民政府水行政主管部门制定防污调控方案,报领导小组批准后施行。
第二十六条 领导小组办公室应当组织四省人民政府环境保护行政主管部门、水行政主管部门等采取下列措施,开展枯水期水污染联合防治工作:
(一)加强对主要河道、湖泊、水库的水质、水情的动态监测,并及时通报监测资料;
(二)根据枯水期的水环境最大容量,商四省人民政府环境保护行政主管部门规定各省枯水期污染源限排总量,由四省人民政府环境保护行政主管部门逐级分解到排污单位,使其按照枯水期污染源限排方案限量排污;
(三)根据水闸防污调控方案,调度水闸。
第二十七条 淮河流域发生水污染事故时,必须及时向环境保护行政主管部门报告。环境保护行政主管部门应当在接到事故报告时起24小时内,向本级人民政府、上级环境保护行政主管部门和领导小组办公室报告,并向相邻上游和下游的环境保护行政主管部门、水行政主管部门通报。
当地人民政府应当采取应急措施,消除或者减轻污染危害。
第二十八条 淮河流域省际水污染纠纷,由领导小组办公室进行调查、监测,提出解决方案,报领导小组协调处理。
第二十九条 领导小组办公室根据领导小组的授权,可以组织四省人民政府环境保护行政主管部门、水行政主管部门等检查淮河流域水污染防治工作。被检查单位必须如实反映情况,提供必要的资料。
第三十条 排污单位有下列情形之一的,由有关县级以上人民政府责令关闭或者停业:
(一)造成严重污染,又没有治理价值的;
(二)自1998年1月1日起,工业企业仍然超标排污的。
第三十一条 在限期治理期限内,未完成治理任务的,由县级以上地方人民政府环境保护行政主管部门责令限量排污,可以处10万元以下的罚款;情节严重的,由有关县级以上人民政府责令关闭或者停业。
第三十二条 擅自在河流、湖泊、水库、渠道管理范围内设置或者扩大排污口的,由有关县级以上地方人民政府环境保护行政主管部门或者水行政主管部门责令纠正,可以处5万元以下的罚款。
第三十三条 自本条例施行之日起,新建化学制浆造纸企业和制革、化工、印染、电镀、酿造等污染严重的小型企业或者未经批准建设属于严格限制的项目的,由有关县级人民政府责令停止建设或者关闭,环境保护行政主管部门可以处20万元以下的罚款。
第三十四条 环境保护行政主管部门超过本行政区域的排污总量控制指标,批准建设项目环境影响报告书的,对负有直接责任的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予行政处分;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第三十五条 违反枯水期污染源限排方案超量排污的,由有关县级以上地方人民政府环境保护行政主管部门责令纠正,可以处10万元以下的罚款;情节严重的,由有关县级以上人民政府责令关闭或者停业;对负有直接责任的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依法给予行政处分。
第三十六条 本条例规定的责令企业事业单位停止建设或者停业、关闭,由作出限期治理决定的人民政府决定;责令中央管辖的企业事业单位停止建设或者停业、关闭,须报国务院批准。
第三十七条 县级人民政府环境保护行政主管部门或者水行政主管部门决定的罚款额,以不超过1万元为限;超过1万元的,应当报上一级环境保护行政主管部门或者水行政主管部门批准。
设区的市人民政府环境保护行政主管部门决定的罚款额,以不超过5万元为限;超过5万元的,应当报上一级环境保护行政主管部门批准。
第三十八条 违反水闸防污调控方案调度水闸的,由县级以上人民政府水行政主管部门责令纠正;对负有直接责任的主管人员和其他直接责任人员,依法给予行政处分。
第三十九条 因发生水污染事故,造成重大经济损失或者人员伤亡,负有直接责任的主管人员和其他直接责任人员构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第四十条 拒绝、阻碍承担本条例规定职责的国家工作人员依法执行职务,违反治安管理的,依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》的规定处罚;构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任。
第四十一条 承担本条例规定职责的国家工作人员滥用职权、徇私舞弊、玩忽职守,或者拒不履行义务,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任;尚不构成犯罪的,依法给予行政处分。
第四十二条 四省人民政府可以根据本条例分别制定实施办法。
第四十三条 本条例自1995年8月8日起施行。